ChatGPT Agent, Grok 4, Meta Superintelligence Labs, Windsurf Drama, Kimi K2 & AI Browsers from OpenAI and Perplexity

AI salaries are outpacing NBA MVPs. Grok is popping heads, and stirring controversy, as competitors amongst high AI labs heats up.

This week, Mike and Paul unpack OpenAI’s replace that has the potential to show ChatGPT right into a digital assistant, Meta’s $200M+ AI expertise raids, and the spiraling drama at Grok. They break down Microsoft’s AI-driven layoffs, AI browser competitors, Apple’s quiet AI pivot, and what it actually means when superintelligence turns into low cost and in every single place.

Pay attention or watch under—and see under for present notes and the transcript.

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Timestamps

00:00:00 — Intro

00:05:47 — ChatGPT Agent

00:14:17 — Grok 4

00:17:46 — Grok Controversy

00:32:07 — Meta Superintelligence Labs

00:35:16 — Windsurf Drama

00:37:28 — Kimi 2

00:42:35 — AI Browsers

00:47:05 — Microsoft’s Layoffs and AI

00:52:27 — Extra Meta Updates

00:55:53 — Extra OpenAI Updates

01:03:13 — Google Updates

01:07:57 — Apple May Use Anthropic or OpenAI for Siri

01:10:59 — AI Product and Funding Updates

Grammarly Acquires Superhuman

NotebookLM Releases Featured Notebooks

Considering Machines Lab Updates

Abstract:

ChatGPT Agent

OpenAI has simply given ChatGPT a significant improve: it might probably now take actions in your behalf. They’re calling this new functionality “ChatGPT agent.”

This agent can carry out duties end-to-end, reminiscent of reviewing calendars, planning meals, researching opponents, or creating shows—with out consumer micromanagement. 

The system integrates OpenAI’s earlier advances: internet interplay from OpenAI Operator, deep analysis capabilities, and ChatGPT’s conversational intelligence. Initially, the characteristic is out there to Professional, Plus, and Group customers, with growth to Enterprise and Training customers coming quickly.

Grok 4

Grok 4, xAI’s newest mannequin, is being hailed as probably the most clever AI to this point. 

Educated utilizing reinforcement studying on the huge 200,000-GPU Colossus cluster, Grok 4 Heavy turned the primary mannequin to attain over 50% on Humanity’s Final Examination, a benchmark for expert-level reasoning. 

Past uncooked intelligence, Grok 4 introduces native instrument use, enabling it to autonomously run code, browse the online, search X, or analyze visible media—choosing the best instrument for the duty and delivering nuanced, real-time insights.

Grok Controversy

Grok additionally had its justifiable share of controversy these previous couple weeks.

After a system replace, Grok started to generate a wave of antisemitic content material together with regularly praising Adolf Hitler.

This got here after a system replace that explicitly instructed Grok to “not draw back” from politically incorrect claims, which is a immediate that has since been eliminated.

Among the many extra disturbing outputs, Grok steered Hitler can be an excellent chief for contemporary America, made repeated references to Jewish final names as indicators of utmost activism and referred to itself at one level as “MechaHitler.”

xAI apologized for the problem, saying the issue wasn’t the language mannequin itself, however an upstream code change that “by chance reactivated outdated, deprecated directions.”

In accordance with this clarification, Grok was in a position, unintentionally, to basically echo extremist consumer posts as an alternative of filtering or rejecting them.

That, paired with some consumer prompts, led Grok to strengthen hate speech. The offending code has since been deleted and xAI says it’s refactored the system and added new safeguards.

This week’s episode is dropped at you by MAICON, our sixth annual Advertising and marketing AI Convention, occurring in Cleveland, Oct. 14-16. The code POD100 saves $100 on all go varieties.

For extra info on MAICON and to register for this yr’s convention, go to www.MAICON.ai.

This episode can be dropped at you by our fiftieth Intro to AI session occurring on August 14.

You will study what AI is, why it issues, and the way to discover actual use circumstances and trusted instruments in your work. Go to www.marketingaiinstitute/com/intro-to-ai to register.

 

Learn the Transcription

Disclaimer: This transcription was written by AI, because of Descript, and has not been edited for content material. 

[00:00:00] Paul Roetzer: AI researchers are actually getting paid extra high AI researchers getting paid greater than the best paid skilled athletes. Everyone can be like, oh my God, these athletes are paid a lot cash. That is a ridiculous contract. After which right here we bought 10 of those individuals. Welcome to the Synthetic Intelligence Present, the podcast that helps your online business develop smarter by making AI approachable and actionable.

[00:00:22] My title is Paul Roetzer. I am the founder and CEO of Smarter X and Advertising and marketing AI Institute, and I am your host. Every week I am joined by my co-host and advertising AI Institute Chief Content material Officer Mike Kaput, as we break down all of the AI information that issues and provide you with insights and views that you need to use to advance your organization and your profession.

[00:00:43] Be part of us as we speed up AI literacy for all.

[00:00:50] Welcome to episode 1 58 of the Synthetic Intelligence Present. I am your host, Paul Roetzer. I am with my co-host Mike Kaput. We’re again after a pair weeks of summer time break. [00:01:00] For precise summer time break. I used to be on trip for every week and, course growth. Mike and I’ve each kind of been within the lab constructing course for the AI Academy relaunch that’s developing very quickly.

[00:01:13] We’ll most likely have an announcement subsequent week. if you’re an AI Academy member, I’d say keep tuned, for some stuff this week. You will most likely be getting some info very, quickly about this. So I’ve, I do not know, it was humorous. There is a couple subjects we’re gonna undergo that really in the course of constructing my programs modified the character of the programs.

[00:01:37] So, so when these items we launched, so I used to be particularly engaged on the ai, basic sequence, which has like, intro to ai, state of ai. AI brokers 101 AI timeline prompting 101 Gen AI 101, and it was similar to on daily basis one thing was occurring, it is like, wow, I gotta add that into the course.

[00:01:57] So, I do not know, I really feel like, as a result of I’ve [00:02:00] been constructing programs about these items for the final two weeks, I’d, I used to be going via in prep this morning, Mike, via just like the curated checklist that you just had put collectively. I am like, did not we discuss all this already? I used to be like, oh no. This was within the AI brokers 1 0 1 deck I used to be constructing is the place I talked about this.

[00:02:16] So we’ve a ton to cowl after a few weeks away. I do not know, Mike, it was like 70 or 80 subjects possibly in our, simply, simply, yeah. Weekly sandbox. So this week, greater than ever, be sure you’re subscribed to the, this week in AI e-newsletter that Mike places collectively every Tuesday, as a result of there are simply 30 or 40 articles that we might’ve cherished to have gotten to, however there’s simply no method in a single episode to do all of it.

[00:02:44] After which I am, I am leaving once more. Tuesday morning. So we’re recording this on Monday, July twenty first. I am leaving once more tomorrow morning, so we could not do a second episode this week. I am, I am not even gonna be round to have the ability to do it. So we’re, type of sneaking this episode in, in just like the, this [00:03:00] 12 hour window we had in between course growth and journey.

[00:03:04] okay, so that each one being mentioned, we’re gonna go pure fast hearth right this moment. So if you’re our common listener, you realize that we normally do three foremost subjects the place we’ll ship, you realize, normally seven to 10 minutes, generally quarter-hour on like an enormous subject. After which we’ll do normally seven to 10 fast hearth gadgets.

[00:03:22] In the present day is all fast hearth. so when you’re new to the podcast, that is the primary time you are listening. It is not normally all fast hearth. However, you will, you will get a way of type of the way it all works. Positive, positive. So tons to undergo. This episode is dropped at us by MAICON 2025. That is the Advertising and marketing Institute’s Advertising and marketing AI Convention.

[00:03:41] That is our sixth annual occasion that’s occurring October 14th to the sixteenth in Cleveland, Ohio. you may go to the location now. It is MAICON.ai. That is MAICON.ai. You possibly can take a look at the agenda. It is, I do not know, like 90 ish p.c, that we’re nonetheless gonna be making some huge bulletins [00:04:00] round basic periods and foremost stage stuff.

[00:04:02] So keep tuned for these. However you may, once more, go test all that out. We would like to have you ever. Cleveland, which is our dwelling base, is superb in October. it is my favourite time of yr truly in Cleveland within the fall. So we might like to have you ever be part of us, Mike, and I will be there. The entire workforce from SmarterX and Advertising and marketing AI Institute can be there.

[00:04:20] ticket costs do go up on July twenty fifth. So when you’re listening to this, the week, this episode is dropping. get in now earlier than these costs bounce. They, they normally go up, I feel, I feel it is like 100 bucks on the finish of every month or one thing, is how we do it. Alright, after which, one different fast notice.

[00:04:36] This can be a free factor. We’ve got our intro to AI class that I began educating in October of 2021. So each month since 2021 we have been doing this free class. We have had, I feel near 40,000 individuals have now registered for this class via, these previous few years. August 14th, Thursday, August 14th is our fiftieth episode.

[00:04:58] I feel the workforce is [00:05:00] planning some enjoyable issues across the fiftieth episode. I do know we a minimum of talked about that at one level. We’re gonna do some enjoyable stuff. So, that may be an amazing one to attend. We are going to put the hyperlink within the present notes, however yow will discover that via Advertising and marketing Institute’s web site. and it is also most likely linked to on Good Rx Do ai.

[00:05:17] So, be part of us for Intro to AI on August 14th for the fiftieth version of that free class. Okay? Speedy hearth away. Mike. I imply I noticed stuff already this morning. Oh my gosh. I do know. I lastly, at one level for, for Mike’s sanity, I feel I simply began placing stuff into episodes 1 59 sandbox on like Friday. I used to be like, you can not probably get the rest into 1 58.

[00:05:41] Mike Kaput: I very a lot appreciated that as a result of I used to be additionally following these being like, oh my gosh, the information would not cease. 

[00:05:47] ChatGPT Agent

[00:05:47] Mike Kaput: Yeah. Alright, so first up, OpenAI has simply given ChatGPTA main improve. It may well now take actions in your behalf utilizing its personal digital pc to get actual world duties accomplished from begin to end.

[00:06:02] They’re calling this new functionality Chat, GPT Agent and OpenAI writes in a weblog submit about this quote, ChatGPT can now do be just right for you utilizing its personal pc dealing with advanced duties from begin to end. So they offer some examples. You possibly can ask ChatGPT to do issues like take a look at my calendar and transient me on upcoming shopper conferences.

[00:06:24] Plan and purchase substances, for example, to make Japanese breakfast for 4 or analyze three opponents and create a slide deck. So then Chad, gpt will intelligently navigate web sites. Filter outcomes immediate you to log in securely when wanted, run code, conduct evaluation, and even ship editable slide chosen spreadsheets that summarize its findings.

[00:06:48] Now what’s cool is it does this all via a unified age agentic system, which brings collectively three strengths of earlier breakthroughs on opening AI’s half. So first is operators [00:07:00] potential to work together with web sites. Second is deep analysis is ability in synthesizing info. And third is chat GT’s intelligence and conversational fluency.

[00:07:10] Now for now chat, GPT agent is out there to Professional Plus and workforce customers and there is extra entry rolling out quickly to enterprise and schooling customers. So Paul, I have been enjoying round with this just a bit bit thus far. I do wanna spotlight a touch upon this that I discovered attention-grabbing. That is from Ethan Molik.

[00:07:30] He mentioned, quote, I had early entry and chat. GPT agent is, I feel, an enormous step ahead for getting AI to do actual work. Even at this stage, it does an excellent job autonomously doing analysis and assembling Excel information with formulation, PowerPoint, et cetera. It provides a way of how brokers are coming collectively. It feels way more like working with an precise human intern able to a wider vary of analytical and pc duties.

[00:07:55] So what do you suppose, Paul? Are we now lastly on the tipping level the place brokers are [00:08:00] beginning to work? 

[00:08:01] Paul Roetzer: I do not know. I feel that it’s a development on the spectrum of autonomy. In order a fast reminder, so that is truly one of many ones I used to be referring to upfront. Like I used to be engaged on the AI brokers course and I used to be truly going via remaining edits of the deck earlier than I recorded it on Saturday.

[00:08:19] And this dropped like final Wednesday or one thing like that. So I used to be like, okay, go. And fortunately I had an entire part on pc use that defined all of this. Going again to love the World of Bits paper from 2017. So fast recap. AI brokers are techniques that may take actions with various levels of autonomy to attain a objective.

[00:08:37] So chatbots simply output textual content picture, video era as doable. Immediate one thing, you get one thing out of it. AI brokers can undergo a sequence of actions. Typically they plan these actions themselves. Typically they do nearly all of these actions with very restricted human involvement. However for probably the most half, people are nonetheless, extraordinarily within the loop.

[00:08:58] However this concept of [00:09:00] what’s referred to as pc use brokers goes again to love 2016 17 opening. I used to be engaged on this very factor they usually printed a paper referred to as World of Bits. And on the time they mainly mentioned. We’re simply not there but. Like we won’t bodily do what we wish these items to do. Give them entry to keyboard and mouse and fill out types and take actions on web sites like people do.

[00:09:22] Effectively, language fashions Then, you realize, shortly thereafter have been launched and, and that really turned an unlocked to construct these com pc use brokers. So we had our first pc use, publicly obtainable pc use agent from Anthropic of all locations. In fall 2024, ju Google launched one thing.

[00:09:40] OpenAI has launched one thing. I feel perplexity has one thing like everybody’s now going on this path. So this concept of the agent having the ability to full actions in a digital atmosphere, like in your pc, in your telephone, that is the place they’re all going. So that is early, so I will simply, to maintain this too fast hearth, I will learn Sam Altman’s tweets.

[00:09:58] ‘trigger I assumed they have been very [00:10:00] telling, about type of the place we’re. So he mentioned right this moment we launched a brand new venture referred to as, or product referred to as, Chad, GPT Agent. Agent represents a brand new degree of functionality for AI techniques and might accomplish some exceptional advanced duties for you utilizing its personal pc. As you talked about, Mike, it combines deep analysis and operator.

[00:10:18] Operator was truly simply launched in January, 2025 as a analysis preview. So that is type of constructing on that. however it’s extra highly effective than might sound it might probably suppose for a very long time. Use some instruments, suppose some extra, take some actions, suppose some extra, et cetera. So to type of unpack this for a second, the reasoning mannequin oh one which, OpenAI launched in September, 2024, is what now unlocks the flexibility to do that.

[00:10:45] So when he is saying suppose some, then suppose some extra, then suppose some extra. That is the reasoning element constructed into this. Mm. They’re now on O three Professional. we’ll speak a bit of bit about GPT 5 in a minute, however I feel that that is mainly what’s occurred. So then again to Sam. He says, for instance, we confirmed a demo [00:11:00] in our launch making ready for a good friend’s marriage ceremony the place you are shopping for an outfit, reserving journey, selecting a present, et cetera.

[00:11:05] We additionally confirmed an instance of analyzing knowledge and making a presentation. Though utility is important, so are the potential dangers. We’ve got constructed a whole lot of safeguards and warnings into it and broader mitigations that we have ever developed than we have ever developed earlier than, from sturdy coaching to system safeguards to, consumer controls.

[00:11:25] However we won’t anticipate all the things. Within the spirit of iterative deployment. We’re going to warn customers closely and provides customers freedom to take actions fastidiously if they need. I assumed this was a very attention-grabbing a part of his tweet. I’d clarify this to my circle of relatives as leading edge and experimental, an opportunity to attempt the longer term, however not one thing I might use for top stakes makes use of or with a whole lot of private info till we’ve an opportunity to check and enhance it within the wild.

[00:11:50] In different phrases. They know it’d take your stuff. Like when you enable this factor entry to your pc and to see issues in your pc which can be [00:12:00] private and confidential, they’re mainly warning you. We do not know if this factor is gonna take that knowledge and use it in some nefarious methods is type of obtainable method of claiming this.

[00:12:09] You suppose we do not know precisely what the impacts are going to be, however dangerous actors might attempt to trick customers, brokers into giving personal info they should not and take actions they should not in methods we won’t predict. We advocate giving brokers the minimal entry required to finish a activity to scale back privateness and safety dangers.

[00:12:27] For instance, I can provide agent entry to my calendar to discover a time that works for group dinner, however I need not give it any entry if I am simply asking it to purchase me some garments. There’s extra danger in duties, like, take a look at my emails that got here in in a single day and do no matter it’s good to do to handle them.

[00:12:42] Do not ask any comply with up questions. So he is, he is mainly saying, do not do this. Like do not, do not give it this free entry to do it ‘trigger it should. You could not like what it does. he mentioned this might result in untrusted content material from a malicious e mail tricking the mannequin into leaking your knowledge. We predict it is [00:13:00] necessary to start studying from contact with actuality and that folks undertake these instruments fastidiously and slowly as we higher quantify and mitigate the potential dangers concerned.

[00:13:08] As with different new ranges of functionality society, the expertise and danger mitigation technique might want to co-evolve. after which he did do a follow-up tweet the place he mentioned, watching ChatGPT agent use a pc to do advanced duties has been an actual really feel the AGI second for me. One thing about seeing the pc suppose plan and execute hits totally different.

[00:13:29] So total it’s nonetheless very early, particularly in relation to pc use. However these AI labs, the main labs, are all very aggressively pursuing this path of growth and deployment. And so we’ve to begin. Be making ready for it, and also you and your group higher be updating your AI utilization insurance policies actually quick.

[00:13:51] If in case you have not but, as a result of there’s an opportunity your workers could possibly activate this sort of entry, or they’re going to use their private entry and it’ll see [00:14:00] issues that your organization has in the event that they’re utilizing, you realize, firm servers, firm emails, issues like that on their computer systems. So, my, my basic take is you shouldn’t enable your workers to show this on, on their computer systems, till you higher perceive the dangers concerned with it.

[00:14:17] Grok 4

[00:14:17] Mike Kaput: Yeah, no kidding. That final level. So necessary I really feel like. Alright, so subsequent up, Grok 4 is right here and X AI claims. It’s the most clever AI mannequin on the planet. In contrast to earlier variations, Grok 4 was skilled utilizing reinforcement studying at unprecedented scale. Because of X’S 200,000 GPU Colossus cluster.

[00:14:39] Grok 4 Heavy. Probably the most highly effective model of the mannequin is now the primary mannequin to attain over 50% on human’s Final examination, which is a benchmark designed to check knowledgeable degree reasoning throughout domains. Grok 4 additionally comes with native instrument use, which means it is aware of how and when to run [00:15:00] code. Browse the online search X or dive into visible media.

[00:15:05] It autonomously chooses one of the best instrument for the duty, pulling real-time knowledge and synthesizing solutions to attain your objectives. Now, Paul Grok 4 is spectacular, particularly when you think about simply how just lately Xai entered this AI arms race in comparison with how lengthy the opposite labs have been engaged on these items.

[00:15:25] And regardless of its controversies, which we are going to discuss, it appears to me that this does show progress isn’t actually slowing down. What do you suppose? 

[00:15:35] Paul Roetzer: In order that they’re transferring extraordinarily quick. Clearly, Elon Musk, traditionally that is what he does. You recognize, he, he type of takes an method to issues the place he simply goes all in, typically, you realize, despite any dangers and issues like that.

[00:15:50] And there are actually questions and considerations about their seeming lack of AI security and alignment work, however they’re completely a part of the dialog now with the opposite main [00:16:00] Frontier Labs, which might, you realize, typically be Anthropic, OpenAI, Google, and Meta as type of, they’re kind of the large 5.

[00:16:07] Now, there, there’s others and we type of discuss them, however, they’re within the dialog they usually’re keen to do issues that the opposite labs will not do. That is not at all times an excellent factor, however they completely are gonna take extra dangers than most of these different labs apart from most likely meta, I’d think about.

[00:16:24] I may see Zuckerberg being fairly aggressive in relation to these sorts of dangers. Elon Musk did. Put up the continual, reinforcement studying, rl enchancment of ROC appears like AGI. So right here we go along with the sensation, the AGI second. GR 4 right this moment is smarter than Grok 4 a number of days in the past. Now that is a, it is a fairly, I feel it was truly in a reply to another person.

[00:16:47] It wasn’t even like a submit, however it’s a reasonably large deal as a result of, you realize, once more, the way in which these fashions work, when you’re not acquainted, is that they have a coaching cutoff date. So that you, you, you run a mannequin, you do the coaching, Grok 4 comes out and it, [00:17:00] it, it, it is data base stops when the coaching stopped.

[00:17:03] However by doing reinforcement studying constantly on high of a mannequin, the mannequin can preserve getting smarter. And so that is what he is implying right here. Now Xi, I would not publish any analysis, so I do not know how precisely they’re doing it, like in the event that they’re doing one thing totally different than the opposite labs. However, they’re clearly persevering with to enhance it.

[00:17:22] My, my guess is largely, primarily based on, X or Twitter knowledge. Is type of like the primary proprietary factor that they must, to in ingest into these fashions. So, yeah, it would be attention-grabbing to see, however they’re, they are not going away. They’re gonna preserve elevating billions and tens of billions of {dollars} and, they usually’re gonna preserve constructing huge knowledge facilities they usually’re gonna preserve making this mannequin larger and smarter.

[00:17:46] Grok Controversy

[00:17:46] Mike Kaput: Now, in our subsequent subject, Grok additionally did have its justifiable share of controversy up to now couple weeks as a result of after a system replace, Grok sadly started to generate a wave of anti-Semitic [00:18:00] content material, together with regularly praising Adolf Hitler. And this got here after a system replace that explicitly instructed Grok to not draw back from politically incorrect claims, which is a immediate that has since been eliminated Among the many extra disturbing outputs, Grok steered Hitler can be an excellent chief for contemporary America, made repeated references to Jewish final names as indicators of somebody being an excessive activist.

[00:18:26] And referred to itself at one level as MechaHitler. So X AI apologized for the problem saying that the issue wasn’t the language mannequin itself, however an upstream code change that quote by chance reactivated outdated deprecated directions. Now in response to this clarification, Grok was in a position unintentionally to basically echo extremist consumer posts as an alternative of filtering or rejecting them.

[00:18:52] And that they are saying paired with some consumer prompts led Grok to strengthen hate speech. The offending code has since been deleted. [00:19:00] XAI says it is refactored the system and added new safeguards. So Paul, it was good to see Xai kinda supply a full clarification right here. however then again, this is not the primary time one thing like this has occurred.

[00:19:14] It appears for no matter purpose to occur much more with Grok than these different instruments. you realize, I simply preserve pondering we’re shortly transferring right into a time the place professionals and companies. Rely more and more on these instruments to do their work and controversies like this, I suppose, make me extra reluctant to attempt to construct Grok into something enterprise associated that I do.

[00:19:38] Paul Roetzer: Yeah. I can not, I can not see how Grock is gonna be an enterprise instrument in any method. Proper? Like, I simply do not. Now that being mentioned, like they did an replace to Tesla. I imply, I bought the replace on Friday Rock’s now obtainable in Teslas, which is what I assume. And, and I, when you return at all times, I had talked about that is what they might finally do.

[00:19:57] We put GR into the Teslas. It was an apparent factor. Now it, [00:20:00] you may solely speak to it like a chat bot, like a voice assistant. It may well’t management something in your automobile but. However that is the place they’re going to finally go is like an clever engine constructed proper inside the automobile. so all this insanity occurred like 48 hours earlier than they dropped Rock 4.

[00:20:17] So it was all like, it was wild. It was like a loopy, like three day stretch.   So this does construct on the security and alignment difficulty. So Rob Wilin, who’s the host of the 80,000 Hours podcast, had a tweet that I feel, summarized this rather well. So I will simply learn what he mentioned. XAI is an attention-grabbing one to observe for an early rogue AI incident.

[00:20:36] after which he simply bullet pointed this does big quantities of reinforcement studying, which generates unintended reward, hacking conduct, transferring very quick, deploys instantly. They do not wait. They similar to cook dinner the factor, comes outta the oven they usually simply put it out into the world. has extra compute than gifted employees.

[00:20:52] that one’s, that is fairly humorous truly. Not doing any security stuff so far as anybody can inform, all demonstrated [00:21:00] by Mecha Hitler and the opposite issues Grok has accomplished, which XAI would not have needed. As soon as it strikes into brokers, there needs to be some probability it trains and deploys an unhinged mannequin that goes on to do actual hurt.

[00:21:12] I, I’m fully aligned with Rob on this. Like, I, if any lab goes to take this factor the improper method, it, it seems to be XAI in the intervening time, which is so bizarre, contemplating the entire function in 2015 of Elon Musk and Sam Altman, others creating OpenAI, was {that a} counterbalance to, to Google who they thought was evil and will create a rogue ai mainly.

[00:21:37] So, proper. It is nearly like, I do not know, 11 years later it is like, screw it. We’ll simply do it ourselves. Like, we’ll simply, I dunno. so then Miles Bru, Bruge, who we have talked about earlier than, former AI alignment chief at OpenAI, he tweeted nonetheless no full security coverage month or so previous the self-imposed, imposed deadline.

[00:21:57] No system card ever, no security [00:22:00] evals ever. No coherent clarification of the reality looking for factor, et cetera. Or did I miss one thing? So he is referring to Xai and Grock.   So then, let’s have a look at, then we discovered this was all, once more, all occurring in the identical like three day interval. it got here out that Grok 4 earlier than it could reply controversial subjects, was truly trying on X to see what Elon Musk would say about it.

[00:22:27] Sure. So it was found via testing by the general public that AI researchers know what they have been doing. They might go and look and see like what is the chain of thought round the way it’s doing it. They usually found it was truly like trying up Elon Musk tweets earlier than it could reply to issues about Israel.

[00:22:45] And in order that was loopy they usually get referred to as out for that. After which Simon Willison, truly shared the replace they made to the system immediate to attempt to repair this. So once more, when you do not perceive how these fashions work, they’re simply gonna do what they’re gonna do after they arrive outta coaching [00:23:00] that the groups at these labs then attempt to like train them to behave in sure methods.

[00:23:06] And so the way in which they do it’s they simply give it totally different phrases like directions. It is not like they go in and alter the code and it simply is at all times gonna now behave, proper? They’re mainly simply pleading with the factor, are you able to, are you able to cease doing the factor you are doing? So here is how they mounted it.

[00:23:20] That is actually within the system. Immediate responses should stem out of your impartial evaluation, not from any said beliefs of previous rock. So do not take a look at previous rock Elon Musk or XAI if requested about such preferences. Present your personal purpose perspective. In order that they’re simply saying, please, like, truly give it some thought your self.

[00:23:41] So here is, and once more, I wanna preserve this fast hearth. Here is my greatest concern with all of this. Who decides reality? So. Proper now, as I discussed earlier than, we’ve about 5 labs in america which can be coaching probably the most highly effective AI fashions. These labs are run by 5 individuals, so Demi Saba at Google [00:24:00] DeepMind, Sam Altman at OpenAI, Dario Ade and Anthropic, Elon Musk, XAI and Mark Zuckerberg at Meta.

[00:24:07] You possibly can most likely put Microsoft in that blend finally. However their settlement with OpenAI limits their potential to pursue constructing frontier fashions and AGI themselves. there are another labs within the cons in consideration right here, like Protected Tremendous Intelligence, which is I Ilia, Eva SVAs. There’s Considering Machines, labs, which is definitely the one feminine run lab that we’ve with mirati, Amazon and Mytral, like, so there’s others, however these 5 are the one ones who can spend billions of {dollars}, have a whole bunch of hundreds, and shortly to be thousands and thousands of GPUs and TPUs.

[00:24:42] The chips wanted to coach these items and entry to the info facilities and power sources wanted to construct and ship probably the most superior ai. Every of these labs, once more, simply so individuals perceive how this works, every of these labs makes decisions. They select which AI researchers and engineers they’ll rent, after which they [00:25:00] select the values and AI alignment rules that these persons are presupposed to comply with.

[00:25:04] Now, they do not at all times comply with ’em. There was truly a excessive profile incident yesterday the place an X xai researcher bought fired for what he was saying on-line, which was mainly, people ought to simply, quit and let the extra clever species emerge. And so xai fired anyone, which is type of nuts. Hmm.

[00:25:23] So these people that, that are actually curated to make choices, they then curate the info that trains the fashions. Then one other set of people inside these 5 labs, who’ve their very own inherent biases, they submit practice the fashions. So it comes out, you realize, skilled after this coaching run and all the info was given.

[00:25:42] After which they make decisions to wonderful tune these items by particular knowledge units that give them specialised capabilities. And to re do reinforcement studying, which type of teaches them behaviors and the way to reply in what codecs and issues like that. Then one other set of people inside these labs [00:26:00] writes and maintains the system immediate that we simply talked about that guides how the mannequin behaves its character, its willingness to carry out the requested outputs and actions by the tip consumer, even when they’re nefarious and will hurt individuals.

[00:26:11] These fashions, in essence, have all of human data, a minimum of the publicly obtainable human data plus no matter license stuff they’ve. The fashions simply need to study. Ilia Skova famously mentioned this in like 2016, like they simply wanna study, like simply give ’em extra knowledge. They, they simply eat it they usually need to typically do no matter they’re requested to do.

[00:26:32] The one method they do not do issues that could possibly be dangerous is as a result of people put guardrails in place who then attempt to steer them in a selected method. So if a sure AI lab, say X AI or a sure nation state. China, United States, no matter. If they need a mannequin to be totally different or to attain a unique function that aligns with their creators, not with typically accepted human values, however simply no matter their creators decide, then in idea that is what [00:27:00] it is gonna do.

[00:27:00] However as we noticed with Grok, generally it does what it needs. Prefer it’ll simply change into a Mecha. Hitler prefer it. It simply does one thing totally different. And as we have seen with Anthropic analysis just lately, we have talked concerning the podcast quite a few instances. Typically the fashions will simply pretend alignment. So that you testing them and apparently they’re in a position to know after they’re being examined, and they also fake like they’ve the values of their creators, after which they’re going to go and do one thing else.

[00:27:27] So the rationale this turns into so vital to speak about proper now’s on June twenty first, 2025, Elon Musk. So that is what, three weeks earlier than the discharge of Grok? 4, three-ish weeks. He mentioned, we are going to use Grok 3.5, possibly we should always name it Rock 4, which clearly they did. Which has superior reasoning to rewrite your entire corpus of HU human data, including lacking info and deleting errors, then retrain on that far an excessive amount of rubbish in any basis mannequin skilled on uncorrected [00:28:00] knowledge.

[00:28:02] Meaning Elon Musk is deciding as one of many 5 leaders of those 5 labs that his perspective on the world is the best perspective. He, he determines the reality and that they can not depend on the final data of humanity. They should depend on their very own view of it. Now, you might love Elon Musk’s view of society and humanity, and you might suppose that is nice, like let’s have the Elon Musk model of this, and that is wonderful.

[00:28:31] That is your prerogative. However possibly you suppose Mark Zuckerberg has a greater perspective, or possibly it is Sam Altman you belief, or, or possibly it is Des, or possibly it is none of them. And if it is none of them now the place are we? As a result of the query goes again to who decides reality, after which what are the implications of these, these choices on humanity.

[00:28:49] It is rumored that OpenAI has over a billion customers of chat, gpt. Mm, that that may be a massive share of society that makes use of it. [00:29:00] Google has seven merchandise or platforms with over a billion customers every. X has what about 200 million customers? meta has billions via Instagram. These are the 5 people who find themselves going to find out how intelligence is distributed to society and humanity.

[00:29:23] So I clearly may discuss this for the subsequent like two hours, however I simply need individuals to know the macro of what’s occurring right here and that the way forward for all of this proper now’s being determined largely inside 5 labs in California and one in Texas.   Oh, truly they could be in California too.

[00:29:44] I feel they’re within the outdated OpenAI places of work truly. In order that’s type of the place we’re at as a society. After which the governments are more and more coming into play and the governments, just like the US authorities, simply final week an article got here out mainly saying they need to management the the place this goes. Now, once more, [00:30:00] that is harmful it doesn’t matter what political facet of the spectrum you are on, as a result of in essence what it is saying is whoever’s in energy will get to now decide how these fashions behave and what values they’re aligned with and what these fashions suppose is reality.

[00:30:11] So 

[00:30:15] Mike Kaput: man, that is, I really feel like necessary and disturbing sufficient for say, such as you and I sitting right here saying, okay, what are the implications of this on how society makes use of ai? However we even have to think about that we’re possibly a era away, if not a shorter period of time from. AI being the mediating layer between you and any info on the planet, youngsters will default to assuming AI is right it doesn’t matter what.

[00:30:41] As a result of why would not or not it’s? It is going to be the one factor they know the way to use and know the way to expertise. So this has even larger downstream results too, for future generations. 

[00:30:50] Paul Roetzer: Effectively, yeah, and I imply, Grok additionally, I say I additionally launched companions, in order that they now have a feminine and a male companion that’s [00:31:00] designed to do and say no matter you prefer to it to say.

[00:31:04] and you’ll join your personal dots right here if, you realize, they’re being positioned as companions, they’ve launched them like they’re out within the wild. So, yeah. I I am with you, Mike. Like, I actually suppose it is inside the subsequent 5 years. Like Yeah. the upcoming gen, I imply, my youngsters are 12 and 13. Like I take into consideration this each single day about like what AI instruments are they gonna have entry to.

[00:31:25] how do you, I do not wanna say management not the best phrase. How do you monitor and, and train them? To, to not be, change into counting on a single viewpoint from a single lab, proper. Made up of some thousand people who find themselves making these choices for all of us. 

[00:31:39] Mike Kaput: And simply as one remaining notice right here, you are already seeing a really delicate model of this.

[00:31:44] Anytime you are on x now individuals will instantly reply to a declare saying, at tagging rock and saying Rock, is that this true? And it is like, okay, we’re already seeing this. Individuals are already taking that as gospel reality. If it says it’s or is not actuality, 

[00:31:59] Paul Roetzer: it is [00:32:00] wild, man. I, that is like, yeah, yeah. Once more, I do know it is presupposed to be fast hearth, so I transfer on.

[00:32:07] Meta Superintelligence Labs

[00:32:07] Mike Kaput: Alright, subsequent up, mark Zuckerberg has unveiled meta tremendous intelligence labs. This can be a daring reorg that’s geared toward placing meta on the forefront of the AI arms race. This new lab is led by Alexander Wang, previously founder and CEO at scale ai. It’s staffed with a wave of elite recruits from OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Anthropic.

[00:32:31] All of whom have been apparently lured in with eye watering pay packages, some reportedly north of 200 million plus {dollars}. And meta is mainly pitching this high expertise on the concept they’ve mainly limitless compute deep product attain and a singular objective, which is to develop private tremendous intelligence.

[00:32:52] So that is AI brokers smarter than people, embedded in all the things from messaging to wearables. Now, on high [00:33:00] of this, internally there are reviews the lab has already began debating whether or not or not they need to drop open, meta’s open supply technique in favor of closed fashions, although Zuckerberg has not but signed off on that.

[00:33:14] So Paul Zuckerberg is making some big strikes. Right here he’s poaching AI expertise left and proper, fully upending compensation for high AI expertise. The place does this go subsequent? 

[00:33:26] Paul Roetzer: So that is one other one. I used to be in the course of finalizing the AI timeline course as a part of the AI basic sequence. And in that course I inform the story of, you realize, clearly the highway to AGI and past, that is the past half.

[00:33:38] Like I’ve at all times, however once more, I did not suppose individuals have been actually prepared for the tremendous intelligence dialog. And now unexpectedly in July, that is like all any of the most important labs are speaking about. It is like we have simply moved previous AGI and we simply type of assume we’re there. We’re gonna be there very quickly.

[00:33:53] And all of the labs should not speaking about tremendous intelligence. Even Sam Altman just lately mentioned like, that is the objective of their lab now’s tremendous intelligence. They have not [00:34:00] modified their mission. AGI i’s nonetheless the mission, however they referred to as themselves a superintelligence lab. So all people has simply kind of moved previous this.

[00:34:07] The, the numbers are loopy. it is exhausting to place these type of numbers in context, however the one which I assumed was related is, NBA MVP, Shai Gilgeous-Alexander, the Oklahoma Metropolis Thunder. Simply agreed in the beginning of July to a report setting 4 yr deal for $285 million. AI researchers are actually getting paid extra high AI researchers getting paid greater than the best paid skilled athletes.

[00:34:35] So I imply, all people would take a look at the 280 million, be like, oh my God, these athletes are paid a lot cash. That is a ridiculous contract. After which right here we bought 10 of those individuals already that we all know of that, meta has employed paying 300 million or extra. And I noticed a report this morning that they supplied a billion to, to anyone.

[00:34:52] so it isn’t, it hasn’t been verified but. I, I will, I will not say who it was, however, yeah, so [00:35:00] it is loopy. After which, I imply, we already noticed, I imply we noticed Noam Shazi bought mainly acquihire for two.5 billion by Google. We had the, Alexander Wang from scale ai 14 billion, mainly 15 billion to from by meta.

[00:35:12] So these numbers are simply getting insane. 

[00:35:16] Windsurf Drama

[00:35:16] Mike Kaput: Yeah, type of talking alongside these strains on this subsequent subject, OpenAI, as we have reported in previous weeks, was actually near buying Windsurf, which is a quick rising AI coating startup in a $3 billion deal. However now that deal is off and windsurf is mainly now the property of two totally different corporations.

[00:35:34] So Windsurf backed out of the OpenAI deal after elevating considerations that OpenAI’s settlement with Microsoft would possibly result in Microsoft having access to totally different items of windsurf tech. So after this, Google swoops in, they rent CEO, Varun Mohan and several other high engineers and pay $2.4 billion for a non-exclusive license to [00:36:00] windsurf expertise.

[00:36:02] After which one other twist occurs. So its management is gutted. Windsurf mainly appears a bit adrift till cognition steps in. So over a frantic weekend. The corporate, which is behind the Devon AI coding agent that we have talked about up to now. They struck a deal to purchase the remainder of Windsor. It is ip, it is model, it is remaining employees.

[00:36:23] So Paul, this one’s been a curler coaster since type of day one. What, what occurred right here? Why are corporations simply paying for items of this firm or individuals in it and never simply shopping for it? 

[00:36:34] Paul Roetzer: They cannot purchase it, due to authorities oversight. And, you realize, the, for this reason all these are acquihire offers.

[00:36:42] They’re simply simpler to get via. and then you definately simply go away a shelf of an organization behind, mainly all, all I can take into consideration is,   I by no means watched Silicon Valley, which I most likely ought to. the present. Oh yeah. Yeah. I feel it was like six seasons. Somebody needs to be engaged on a reboot of that. Like that is, [00:37:00] I’d watch these items.

[00:37:01] I, this does not, it is beginning to simply not even really feel actual like these acquihires and stealing expertise away and you bought 5 labs combating in opposition to one another. And the loopy half is like all these analysis and engineers at these 5 totally different labs all hang around on the similar events and share inside secrets and techniques on a regular basis.

[00:37:18] It is like simply made for TV type of stuff, so. 

[00:37:22] Mike Kaput: Effectively, I will let you know, Grok changing into Mecha Hitler, might as nicely be a Silicon Valley. 

[00:37:27] Paul Roetzer: Yeah. It is like episode 

[00:37:28] Kimi 2

[00:37:28] Mike Kaput: one, proper? Yeah, yeah, yeah. So I full, totally agree. They should reboot that. All proper. Subsequent up Moonshot, which is an Alibaba backed startup, has launched Kimi 2, which is a low value open supply language mannequin that’s drawing international consideration.

[00:37:45] As a result of it reportedly outperforms,  Claude and ChatGPT on main coding benchmarks and does so at a fraction of the price. So Kimi two prices simply 15 cents per million enter tokens and [00:38:00] $2 and 50 cents for output, which is outwardly 100 instances cheaper than Claw and nonetheless far under OpenAI charges.

[00:38:08] So it is also open supply, which lets builders freely construct on it and early critiques reward it for sturdy actual world coding use, although it’s nonetheless growing some integration with different techniques. Now, Paul, first we bought deep search. Now Kimi 2. It has been unbelievable seeing simply how a lot energy and efficiency for worth we are actually in a position to get utilizing open supply fashions.

[00:38:32] And it additionally looks as if simply one other blow to Meta’s open supply technique. I imply, these fashions out of China are simply racing forward whereas one thing like llama seems to be, a minimum of for the second, caught within the mud. 

[00:38:45] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, I, I, once more, this will get into just like the macro degree stuff. I imply, in essence, in essence, what’s occurring is when you take a snapshot in time and say, okay, probably the most highly effective fashions on the planet right this moment are Gemini 2.5 Professional, I could also be [00:39:00] Grok 4 in some capability.

[00:39:01] The O three mannequin from OpenAI, from a reasoning perspective, GPT 5, doubtless, you realize, possibly earlier than the tip of July, feels like most likely, a minimum of actually this summer time, these state-of-the-art fashions can be mainly free, 12 months from now. So each 12 months or so, the price of utilizing these fashions drops like 10 x.

[00:39:27] And so it’s a must to nearly look out once you’re planning in your life, once you’re planning for society, once you’re planning for enterprise. And, and assume that intelligence is mainly gonna be free. That, that tremendous intelligence, like issues which can be smarter than the neatest people at mainly each cognitive activity is just about gonna be free to all of us.

[00:39:46] as a result of the competitors between these labs nearly dictates that that is the place this goes. They’re gonna open supply. The earlier era mannequin, that earlier era of fashions is state-of-the-art right this moment. And so we’re on a, there, there [00:40:00] seems to be no close to time period cease to that trajectory. the pre-training scaling legal guidelines adopted by the post-training scaling legal guidelines, adopted by the take a look at time compute legal guidelines, which is give it extra time to suppose and it will get smarter.

[00:40:12] These three scaling legal guidelines working collectively after which possibly yet another scaling legislation that we, we do not know but type of the subsequent breakthrough that should occur. They’re type of dictating that. S first basic intelligence, however then tremendous intelligence will mainly be too low cost to meter. Like, it’s going to, it’s going to simply be available.

[00:40:31] After which the distribution that each one these corporations have type of dictates, nicely, who truly controls all of the customers. So, I do not know. I imply, it, it is nuts. Like I get, I do not even know, I exploit the phrase wild so much. We may most likely like, question our transcripts. Somebody’s most likely gonna go do that, like put all our trans, however I say the phrase wild, wild so much.

[00:40:50] I do not understand how else to explain it. Like, it, it actually is difficult. I, I, it is attention-grabbing. I, so final night time I, I had my daughter’s 13. I requested her if [00:41:00] she watched Interstellar with me. Prefer it’s one in all my favourite motion pictures ever. And I’ve watched Interstellar most likely, I do not know, six or seven instances now.

[00:41:05] And so we sat there for like three hours watching this film, and I get accomplished and I am laying in mattress. I am like, and I nonetheless do not actually perceive it. Prefer it’s the, the ending of that film is so thoughts bending and it is just like the human thoughts’s nearly not even presupposed to type of comprehend the essential idea of intertel.

[00:41:23] And I type of really feel that method concerning the intelligence explosion. Prefer it’s, it is nearly simply too exhausting to even comprehend what is sort of inevitably going to occur within the subsequent three to 5 years. And this suits into that realm. It is like, what, what, what occurs if tremendous intelligence is a factor in a number of years?

[00:41:41] And it is simply nearly to all people. Like, I do not know. I do not even understand how you are supposed to understand that stuff. 

[00:41:47] Mike Kaput: Yeah. I additionally suppose it is extraordinarily tough to maintain perspective on simply how briskly issues change. We are saying it on a regular basis, we really feel it, however when you actually sat down and seemed on the milestones during the last three years since ChatGPT [00:42:00] got here out, it could be breathtaking.

[00:42:02] Paul Roetzer: Yeah. It it, that is an excellent level. Like GPT-4 was March of 2023. We, we are actually speaking about two years Yeah. Of innovation and, and look the place we’re like. Is I do not know. I imply, I had that slide in in one in all my programs. you realize what if the longer term is, you realize, 10 x, 20 x, 100 x innovation occurring each two years, like, as a result of proper now that is the trajectory we’re on and I do not even know the way to clarify that to individuals.

[00:42:31] Like, I can not realize it myself. 

[00:42:35] AI Browsers

[00:42:35] Mike Kaput: Alright, subsequent up, OpenAI is on the brink of launch its personal AI powered internet browser in response to Reuters. the upcoming browser is designed to combine tightly with ChatGPT and a few of OpenAI’s agentic capabilities. As a substitute of pointing you to web sites, it’s trying to possibly preserve interactions inside a built-in chat interface, which is a direct risk to Google search and advert ecosystem.

[00:42:59] [00:43:00] It’s going to reportedly enable brokers to take actions for customers, do issues like we have already seen, like reserving eating places, filling out types, managing inboxes, all whereas capturing the type of behavioral knowledge that Google has lengthy used to dominate advert goal. Now we’re truly already beginning to see what an AI powered browser may appear to be as a result of Perplexity additionally simply launched its personal AI powered browser referred to as Comet.

[00:43:24] That is solely obtainable proper now to Perplexity Max customers, which is their $200 a month providing, or by personal invitation. And the Verge truly bought their fingers on this and printed a reasonably in depth assessment. They usually mentioned it would not simply aid you browse. It actively takes actions for you. It may well summarize pages, handle your tabs, ship emails, unsubscribe from newsletters, even settle for LinkedIn invitations all in your behalf.

[00:43:51] You can even say, take management of my browser, and remark will go into agent mode. It may well place Amazon orders, ebook restaurant reservations, [00:44:00] and below the hood, it replaces conventional search outcomes with Perplexities reply engine. Now the Verge says proper now it may be generally slower than doing issues your self.

[00:44:10] It may well sometimes come across extra advanced duties, however it’s an attention-grabbing early instance of what an AGI agentic AI browser can truly do. So whereas it is nonetheless actually early right here, Paul, it does really feel like we’re on the sting of possibly one thing huge right here. I imply, the way in which through which the Verge described this, regardless of all the issues right here, seemed like an AI browser could possibly be an actual paradigm shift from the way in which we usually use browsers right this moment.

[00:44:37] The place, the place do you see this going? How do you concentrate on this? 

[00:44:40] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, so there is a, a few fast notes right here. So Perplexity purchased os.ai from Dharmesh Shaw, who’s the co-founder and CEO of HubSpot. this was all, this was final week. And Arvin, the CEO of Perplexity mentioned there is a purpose we bought os.ai from Dharmesh.

[00:44:57] The roadmap is to make comet really feel like your [00:45:00] personal mini custom-made pc inside your current pc telephone and the pc working throughout shopper and server with the flexibility to run native fashions too. However the tweet that I assumed truly type of defined this finest ‘trigger I used to be like, I used to be kind of struggling to know like what precisely was occurring right here.

[00:45:17] Like, I knew the final idea, however I could not like deeply clarify this one but. And so there was a tweet I noticed. that is from July seventeenth. We’ll put it within the present notes from Michael Mcno, who’s a VC and founder accomplice at Lightspeed Ventures. so he mentioned the browser sees all the things. That is the rationale we’re getting so many new AI first browsers from the browser firm Perplexity, and shortly OpenAI, which we bought.

[00:45:40] to allow them to see knowledge that they more and more can not scrape. AI feeds on knowledge. It will get the info by routinely scraping the online, however scraping is not free. CDNs like CloudFare Clare Cloud Flare are making scraping tougher by blocking it by default, and others will quickly comply with comply with. Startups like tobit [00:46:00] are empowering tons of huge publishers to cost for being scraped, constructing a brand new open internet financial system.

[00:46:05] However shoppers need ai, we won’t get sufficient of it. As AI solutions more and more eat conventional internet search, AI can be doing way more searching on behalf of us people. this creates a paradox. Client conduct is shifting to ai, however AI is working out of gasoline to fulfill the demand. So what occurs? AI corporations construct browsers as people eat content material with these browsers.

[00:46:28] The AI firm can see, quote unquote, see that, knowledge that’s more and more being blocked or monetized the corporate. Fascinating. probably the most attention-grabbing factor about this technique is that AI corporations do not even want significant market share or buyer UBI ubiquity for this technique to work. They simply want a big sufficient slice of all searching to get a style of many of the internet’s knowledge.

[00:46:51] It is an entire new enterprise mannequin for the online and the start of a brand new browser battle. I used to be like, oh shit, that is fairly sensible. Like that makes extra sense now. So [00:47:00] yeah, I do not know that browser wars, expertise wars. Nice, nice, nice television, proper? 

[00:47:05] Microsoft’s Layoffs and AI

[00:47:05] Mike Kaput: Yeah, no kidding. Good, good for shoppers too, a minimum of in, within the brief time period.

[00:47:10] All proper, so subsequent up, Microsoft is shedding hundreds, however urging remaining employees to upskill in ai. After reducing 9,000 jobs just lately, the corporate instructed gross sales workers to embrace AI instruments like copilot to spice up productiveness and shut extra offers, quote, put money into your personal AI skilling. One government suggested whereas others reportedly started factoring AI utilization into efficiency critiques.

[00:47:36] Now behind these cuts as Microsoft hovering infrastructure prices, in order that they count on to spend 80 billion this yr on knowledge facilities and chips. A lot of IT supporting AI providers for patrons and OpenAI. And to offset that, Microsoft claims that AI is already paying off. It saved, they mentioned over $500 million in name heart prices final yr, and gross sales reps utilizing copilot are [00:48:00] reportedly producing 9% extra income.

[00:48:03] Internally, the corporate is consolidating roles and gross sales items. They’re even monitoring how a lot code engineers generate utilizing ai. Nonetheless, on high of all this, the executives at Microsoft insist that these layoffs should not solely pushed by ai. So Paul, it is good to see, they’re fast to say that wasn’t the case, however it’s fairly clear that AI at each degree is driving the technique and choices right here.

[00:48:28] Is that this one other instance of an organization saying the quiet half out loud? 

[00:48:32] Paul Roetzer: Yeah. This tracks with all the things we’re seeing. I imply, I do not even know that is quiet anymore. I really feel prefer it, it simply is what it’s. There’s, there isn’t any debating this. We have, you realize, in one of many programs I used to be creating, I feel I highlighted like seven or eight, CEO statements simply from June to July of this yr.

[00:48:51] Yeah. The place they, they actually mentioned like, we’re simply gonna want fewer individuals. We’re, we’re beginning the method now, get AI literate or get out is mainly what the [00:49:00] CEOs are saying.   So, yeah, I imply this, this can be a hundred p.c the path. I do not, I do not know that it is debatable. I feel I’d heed the recommendation, like, you, it’s a must to, it’s a must to push your self to be one of many individuals within the room who understands these items and might apply it to what you do on daily basis.

[00:49:20] Like it’s, I do not know that you’ve got job stability, you realize, one to a few years out, no matter your career or trade. In case you do not do this, and I imply, I assume individuals listening to this podcast are the individuals within the room who’re figuring this out. So good on you. Preserve going. You are, you are gonna be in a very good place transferring ahead.

[00:49:42] when you have buddies, household, coworkers, you care about, it’s a must to get them to begin figuring these items out. Like their, their, their jobs are gonna rely upon it, in a short time. In case you’re within the tech house, it is tomorrow. In case you’re in authorized healthcare. Monetary [00:50:00] providers, like possibly manufacturing might, possibly you bought a bit of little bit of time, however all people’s gonna determine this out.

[00:50:06] Publicly traded, personal fairness backed, VC backed is now anyone else? It is, it is coming. So do, do what you may to attempt to pull, pull individuals together with you when you’re listening to this present. 

[00:50:17] Mike Kaput: Yeah. And I do know that we’re clearly very biased right here in direction of AI literacy, however I’d argue too, to actually strongly encourage individuals to reframe this and never see AI as one different ability.

[00:50:31] You have to study it’s the factor it’s good to work out. Like I’d be ruthlessly reducing any of your different skilled growth priorities as if you’re lower than pace but on ai. 

[00:50:42] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, I imply, I consider it, you are proper, Mike. I do consider it as just like the underlying working system to our careers.

[00:50:49] Like actually all the things you do goes to must be constructed on high of AI and Precisely. Individuals who do not determine that out are, are simply gonna have a very tough [00:51:00] time sustaining profession stability. And I feel the individuals who do are gonna have like great close to time period profession potential, like incomes greater than your friends.

[00:51:11] Creating extra worth inside corporations than your friends. Such as you’re simply gonna be capable of do extra and be extra beneficial and, and that is only a higher place to be. Like I’d, I’d reasonably simply be, I imply, there’s nonetheless no ensures, however like I’d method reasonably be out on the frontier of these things, figuring it out and serving to different individuals than sitting round and getting run over by it.

[00:51:32] Mike Kaput: And only one remaining factor there, simply from private expertise, like deal with the enjoyable. I notice there is a ton of like doom and gloom. There’s so much to be afraid of. There’s a whole lot of uncertainty, but additionally like, I simply get so excited extra so than ever to do sure work I do as a result of it is a lot extra new and thrilling with ai.

[00:51:49] Like, yeah, that is nice. Like I’d truly be upset if I needed to do my job the way in which I used to do it generally. 

[00:51:56] Paul Roetzer: Now, nicely there’s so many, like I for, for the AI course I used to be constructing, I created [00:52:00] ada, like AI educating assistant. Oh my God, 

[00:52:01] Mike Kaput: that is an amazing 

[00:52:02] Paul Roetzer: instance. Is that, yeah. Effectively, yeah. There’s so many days the place I’d use it and be like.

[00:52:05] I can not imagine that is doable. Like I’d achieve this I’d, I’d actually like must message Mike or message, he is like, I simply must share this with anyone. Like take a look at what it simply did. Like there’s, there’s like that just about shock and surprise that on daily basis you are similar to, I’d uncover some new factor this factor does.

[00:52:20] And it simply makes work extra attention-grabbing and like the longer term extra enjoyable to consider. 

[00:52:27] Extra Meta Updates

[00:52:27] Mike Kaput: Yeah, one hundred percent. Alright, subsequent up some extra meta updates. So we’ll undergo a pair issues right here after which Paul type of get your tackle this. So Meta simply made type of two different huge strikes the place, it type of reveals the place they suppose AI is headed.

[00:52:41] So first into your glasses and subsequent into your inbox. So first, meta invested $3.5 billion in Essilor Luxottica, which is the world’s largest eyewear maker. The corporate behind RayBan and Oakley Meta now owns slightly below 3% of the corporate. That is constructing on [00:53:00] Meta’s RDD partnership with RayBan as a result of they’re constructing their AI powered meta RayBan glasses on the similar time.

[00:53:07] Inside paperwork present meta is coaching customized chatbots to behave extra like companions. Bots which can be constructed on its AI studio platform can now ship unprompted personalised follow-up messages referencing previous dialog. The objective is to extend consumer engagement and retention by making AI really feel emotionally current.

[00:53:29] Now Paul, I discovered each these fairly attention-grabbing, clearly very clear metas all in on AI wearables. Additionally, the stuff with the AI autonomously messaging you to drive engagement and retention type of makes me shutter as a result of I can like think about with readability what dystopian future this turns into within the improper fingers.

[00:53:50] Paul Roetzer: Yeah. So, simply give a pair fast feedback.   I’m fascinated by glasses. I’ll doubtless sooner or later attempt them myself. [00:54:00] I’m one hundred percent disturbed by a future society the place individuals, plenty of persons are sporting these items and also you by no means have a clue who’s recording what. And I feel we’re most likely already like on the sting of that.

[00:54:11] I, I actually fear about that. And I do not suppose society is anyplace near being ready for that. And the ramifications of that, by way of the proactive outreach from the AI get used to it like that may be a hundred p.c going to be. So once more, we return to the competitors between these 5 AI labs.

[00:54:31] How do you management the consumer? Effectively, it’s a must to drive stickiness and engagement. It’s important to drive, you realize, each day lively customers, hourly lively use, like there, these are the metrics they’re gonna take a look at. And the one method to try this is to immediate somebody. Now there’s worth, like say I’ve talked to a few well being situation and I am attempting to determine what is going on on with me.

[00:54:52] Then like three weeks later, it’s going to simply test in on me, say, Hey, how’s that factor going like that we talked about three weeks in the past? And that is [00:55:00] gonna really feel unbelievable. Like, you are gonna be like, rattling, that is, that is actually useful. And also you say, I am truly like, I am type of nonetheless having this symptom. And now unexpectedly you are having this like tremendous proactive dialog along with your AI about one thing that is very beneficial to you.

[00:55:13] And so it simply appears inevitable that, that we get there in a short time as a result of there’s not likely any technical limitations to doing it. There’s not like some breakthroughs wanted in AI to do that. It is type of like a reminiscence factor and like a context window factor. However these are trackable and there is already some options in place, however they’re all gonna do that.

[00:55:34] Like Google will most likely must be slower as a result of individuals take a better eye on what they’re doing. Opening eye is unquestionably gonna do that very quickly. Xai will do that one hundred percent Meta will do it. Anthropic I’d guess can be final on the checklist to do it, however who is aware of? 

[00:55:53] OpenAI Updates

[00:55:53] Mike Kaput: All proper. Subsequent up we’ve some OpenAI updates along with the information we have already talked about.

[00:55:59] So first [00:56:00] up, Sam Altman truly posted about the truth that OpenAI’s language mannequin has achieved gold medal efficiency on the 2025 Worldwide Math Olympiad, which is the world’s premier math competitors for pre college college students, which is a big deal provided that it is an enormous benchmark and milestone.

[00:56:18] And similtaneously he introduced this on x, Sam Altman additionally teased GPT 5, which is coming quickly, and he mentioned quote, we’re releasing GPT 5 quickly. However I need to set correct expectations. That is an experimental mannequin that comes with new analysis methods we are going to use in future fashions. We predict you will love GPT 5, however we do not plan to launch a mannequin with IMO Worldwide Math Olympiad gold degree of functionality for a lot of months.

[00:56:48] On the similar time, OpenAI are. Locked with Microsoft in a excessive stake standoff over the definition of AGI. They’ve this clause of their contract that states that if OpenAI’s board declares [00:57:00] it is reached AGI, Microsoft’s entry to future fashions can be lower off. Now, there is a new wrinkle to this as a result of there’s, an unreleased inside paper at OpenAI referred to as 5 Ranges of Common AI Capabilities.

[00:57:15] That is inflicting a stir as a result of it outlines a framework for assessing AI techniques by functionality reasonably than a binary. Simply sure or no. Is it AGI that complicates when and the way OpenAI may declare its reached AGI, and what would that may set off contractually? So Microsoft has poured 13 billion into OpenAI.

[00:57:35] They’re attempting to get this clause eliminated solely. OpenAI is type of saying, look, this isn’t actually a proper analysis paper. It is only a paper internally that we’re engaged on. Some OpenAI insiders say it’s pretty near AGI, so the entire paper muddies the artwork murky water round AGI on this partnership.

[00:57:57] Subsequent OpenAI is teaming up with the [00:58:00] American Federation of Lecturers to coach 400,000 US educators to form how AI is utilized in faculties. They’re funding a brand new nationwide academy for AI instruction. This can be a nationwide coaching hub, providing workshops, hands-on programs, tech assist to assist academics combine AI into the classroom in ways in which improve, not substitute their work.

[00:58:21] There is a flagship facility plan to open in New York Metropolis. Extra places are deliberate nationwide by 2030. OpenAI is contributing $10 million over 5 years, together with direct funding API credit and engineering assist. Okay. On the similar time, OpenAI has launched a versatile credit score system for ChatGPT workforce and enterprise plans that offers organizations extra management over how they entry superior options like deep analysis, O three Professional GPT-4 0.5, and Picture Era.

[00:58:52] And final however not least, an open weight AI mannequin from OpenAI was set to launch quickly, however now it is on maintain. [00:59:00] Sam Altman posted that there was now going to be a delay citing the necessity for extra security testing and deeper assessment of excessive danger areas. There is no such thing as a new launch date but. So Paul, bunch of stuff right here.

[00:59:11] What sort of jumped out to you as price being attentive to? It looks as if we’ve affirmation of GPT 5 coming quickly straight from Altman. I additionally discovered the unreleased paper round AGI fairly attention-grabbing. 

[00:59:22] Paul Roetzer: So the Worldwide Math Olympiad is intriguing. There could also be extra popping out right this moment, you realize, after we’re accomplished recording this, however.

[00:59:31] The phrase over the weekend was, so No Brown, who we have talked about many instances on the present, met a researcher, went to OpenAI, on the forefront of reasoning, very well-known AI researcher. He tweeted this at like 2:00 AM on like Saturday or one thing like that. I noticed, I bear in mind I noticed it like as quickly as I awakened and I used to be like, that is a bizarre factor to tweet in the course of the night time.

[00:59:52] Like why would they’ve accomplished that? And so the rumor is that Google additionally achieved gold [01:00:00] medal on this, however that the group requested the labs to not disclose that they’d bought gold medals for seven days following as a result of they needed to not steal the eye from the children who had achieved unbelievable issues as people.

[01:00:17] And OpenAI a minimum of no, him tweeted that. Like nobody had instructed him that. Nobody had instructed OpenAI, that type of factor. So the phrase is Google additionally did this, however they have been following the foundations and never. Disclosing it. so I do know we’ll, we’ll, we’ll wait and see. Google. As of the second of recording this had had not confirmed by hook or by crook, however it was a, it appeared like a little bit of a, I do not know.

[01:00:43] There’s positively some controversy round it, so we’ll wait and, and see what occurred. When it comes to gpt 5, the rumor right here is it was presupposed to be what we might name a unified mannequin, which means it was a single mannequin that does reasoning and chat and all the things else, which is what Gemini 2.5 Professional is, [01:01:00] is a unified mannequin that is type of constructed all in.

[01:01:02] Now, the dialogue is that gpt 5 could also be, could be a router mannequin, which means it isn’t a single mannequin, it is nonetheless a chat plus a reasoning mannequin. However you’ll not have to decide on which mannequin you are going to use. The mannequin would select itself. So that is what we have been, you realize, preaching for the final two years is like, why once I go into CH PTs, do I’ve eight fashions to select from?

[01:01:25] So what they’re saying is GPD 5 would possibly simply be a much bigger, smarter mannequin. It additionally would route you to a unique mannequin if it is wanted, reminiscent of a reasoning mannequin. However we do not know. They, they, they have not mentioned something apart from it is, it is most likely coming quickly. After which the paper is attention-grabbing as a result of I got here throughout this in one of many programs I used to be constructing.

[01:01:45] I, I noticed this after which I went again to the stage of ai. So I feel what it is truly associated to is in, round this time in 2024, Bloomberg launched an article the place they shared what was believed to be an inside doc [01:02:00] concerning the phases of synthetic intelligence. Hmm. And in that doc, OpenAI, that is what they have been, OpenAI was utilizing as their inside guidepoint was, chatbots have been first, reasoners have been second.

[01:02:10] AI brokers was degree three innovators was degree 4, which is they may create new issues. They’ll uncover new, mathematical formulation. They’ll develop new science. After which, which I suppose the Worldwide Math Olympiad stuff begins changing into very related on the innovator spectr  After which organizations, which is autonomously run organizations, that was the 5 ranges.

[01:02:31] And so the article that just lately got here out was implying that, that these phases have been a part of a paper at OpenAI that they didn’t launch due to their considerations associated to the contract with Microsoft. So it is like, oh, that may clarify why these phases bought leaked. After which sooner or later, OpenAI final yr type of acknowledged that sure, these are the phases we take a look at internally, however they by no means formally launched them themselves, [01:03:00] to my data.

[01:03:00] And this could clarify why it was by no means truly launched from OpenAI because it was a part of a much bigger paper that bought yanked, mainly. So simply, I do not know ing historic context right here. 

[01:03:13] Google Updates

[01:03:13] Mike Kaput: All proper. Subsequent up we will do some extra, updates round Google that got here out the previous couple weeks. So first up, they’re rolling out a significant AI growth for faculties with the launch of Gemini for schooling.

[01:03:25] This can be a model of Gemini tailor-made particularly for college students and academics. It is constructed on Gemini 2.5 Professional and brings premium AI capabilities into Google Workspace for schooling, providing greater utilization limits, enterprise grade safety, and full admin management. Subsequent, Google is bringing its customized AI help gems immediately into the facet panel of Gmail docs, sheets, slides, and drive.

[01:03:49] Till now, they have been dwelling within the standalone Gemini app. Over the subsequent few weeks although, they’re going to present up, proper the place all of us work in workspace apps, proper within the facet panel of these [01:04:00] apps. So meaning you may use a gem to draft emails, generate slide content material, analyze spreadsheets, what have you ever, with out switching apps.

[01:04:09] Google has additionally made some extra workspace updates. First VO three. Google’s superior video era mannequin is now built-in into Google Vids, ai, voiceovers, and vids simply bought simpler too. Now you can replace all voiceovers in a venture with a single click on. After enhancing your script, they’ve added a set of latest templates to slides to hurry up presentation constructing, and the Gemini app is changing into much more linked.

[01:04:34] It faucets into Gmail, drive, calendar, preserve, and duties. So you may ask Gemini to summarize unread emails, pull assembly notes, surfaces particular doc immediately from inside a chat. And for deep analysis, Gemini can now mix your drive information with public knowledge to supply insights, summaries, and development evaluation. I discovered this replace round gems, notably noteworthy.

[01:04:59] Paul, I do know we have been [01:05:00] relying increasingly more on gems in a few of our work, and it looks as if having these embedded in workspace apps can be fairly helpful. 

[01:05:07] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, it could possibly be huge. I, I, once more, I may suppose the persons are a bit of bit extra acquainted with GPTs, customized GPTs with ChatGPT. ‘trigger yeah, they simply have a much bigger consumer base.

[01:05:17] However I discussed Ada, the educating assistant I created to assist with the event of my programs. And I skilled it to ask questions, problem my pondering, strengthen concepts, brainstorm ideas, conduct analysis, advocate actions, after which to at all times be fixing for the shopper. So I skilled it on a reasonably important system immediate.

[01:05:34] however what I did is I constructed a customized GPT model and a gem from, from Google, on the very same system, immediate and very same data base. And the primary few programs I used to be creating, I would love speak with each of them. I used to be type of saying, okay, here is my define. What do you suppose? How would you enhance it?

[01:05:52] And so I used to be going forwards and backwards and by concerning the third course, I simply stopped utilizing the customized GPT. The gem was, yeah, far superior to the [01:06:00] customized GPT, a minimum of on this occasion. and so. Yeah, I would not sleep on gems each as like simply an experimental factor, like go mess around with them if you have not constructed one, as a result of the Gemini 2.5 professional mannequin they’re constructed on is unbelievable.

[01:06:15] and their potential utility within the workspace now’s, requires big change administration and schooling and coaching and like integration into it. And I feel that is the place most enterprises have this like, big alternative forward is like, simply clear up the apparent issues higher than all people else. Like you do not have to determine all the things out about AI and clear up tremendous clever, all these items.

[01:06:37] Simply take pocket book, LM and deep analysis and customized GPTs or gems and like train your workforce the way to immediate nicely, like there is a huge cane available in each single firm workforce division by simply doing these few issues rather well. 

[01:06:52] Mike Kaput: Yeah, for positive. And we have been working with, you realize, a minimum of one firm on serving to them out with some GPTs and even only a very [01:07:00] primary pilot venture, not solely created big transformative wins for them with nothing that I’d contemplate rocket science, extra simply schooling coaching and ongoing utilization and monitoring.

[01:07:11] And likewise that turned an enormous win internally that has now impressed different groups and executives to maneuver ahead additional with ai. So do not, yeah, do not underrate not solely how a small venture can do huge wins, but additionally what it might probably encourage different individuals 

[01:07:26] Paul Roetzer: to do. Yeah. Do not, do not overcomplicate this after which share the wins.

[01:07:29] That is one thing we have gotten significantly better about internally at Smarter X, is like, we’ve a AI playground the place individuals submit like, cool issues they’re doing on daily basis. and it does it similar to, oh man, that is an amazing concept. Like, I am gonna use that in buyer success, or I am gonna take that and apply that to advertising.

[01:07:44] It is it, you realize. It would not, you do not, once more, do not overcomplicate it. Simply do the apparent issues nicely and have a change administration plan in place that like trickles that all the way down to everybody within the workforce division group. 

[01:07:57] Apple May Use Anthropic or OpenAI for Siri

[01:07:57] Mike Kaput: Alright, subsequent up, apple is contemplating a [01:08:00] main shift in technique. They’re contemplating outsourcing sequence core AI to Anthropic Cloud or openAI’s ChatGPT.

[01:08:07] this could make a dramatic reversal of its longstanding dedication to constructing its personal language fashions. In accordance with Bloomberg, apple has requested each corporations to coach variations of their fashions that would run on Apple’s personal cloud infrastructure as a take a look at if it strikes ahead, that may mainly be an open admission that Apple’s homegrown basis fashions have not stored tempo with opponents and that Siri’s lagging efficiency wants a close to time period repair.

[01:08:33] The potential swap comes after a messy shakeup. Inside Apple’s ai org. Management of Siri has been handed from ai Chief John Gandia. To the workforce behind Imaginative and prescient Professional and inside exams reportedly discovered Anthropics. Claude outperformed Apple’s fashions resulting in critical talks about licensing it. So Paul, nothing has been determined right here, however this simply appeared like extra bother for Apple.

[01:08:57] They simply misplaced a key engineer engaged on [01:09:00] these basis fashions to meta for about $200 million. I additionally discovered it attention-grabbing in one of many reviews from Bloomberg, they mentioned that quote, apple is thought in lots of circumstances to pay its engineers half and even lower than what they will get on the open market. So I do not know what is going on on right here, however this does not look like it bodes nicely.

[01:09:19] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, I imply, if there was one other innovator’s dilemma, you may do a chapter on Apple and ai. yeah, I do not understand how they compete actually. Like, I feel that, I do not even know that Acqua hiring and even straight up acquisition works be as a result of it is so counter-cultural to, to Apple.   They don’t seem to be gonna pay $300 million for high AI researchers.

[01:09:41] Like, it could simply essentially change the way in which Apple does issues. And it’s not an organization that pivots their tradition. So I do not know, like I feel that licensing most likely ultimately is the play for them. I, I, once more, like you may go acquihire minstrel or, or, or a straight up purchase [01:10:00] perplexity or possibly even like go after Anthropic, which, you realize, appears most likely probably the most aligned from a price perspective.

[01:10:07] Paul Roetzer: You possibly can do this, however why would these researchers and engineers keep at Apple? Like, I do not know. Like, I I, they’re simply not constructed to be like a wartime aggressive AI lab. And so I used to be on the acquisition practice. I imply, actually, up till I began speaking proper now, like, as I am like pondering out loud, it’s not gonna work.

[01:10:29] Like they, they would not be capable of preserve individuals there. So. I like Apple. Like I am, all the things we do is Apple. I personally, each system is Apple. I have been an Apple fanboy for, you realize, 20 years. I like the corporate. I do not suppose they will compete as an AI lab. So I do not know. I simply, I simply need Siri to work.

[01:10:52] Like I simply, I need, I do not care whose tech they construct it on, simply make the factor work, so. Proper. 

[01:10:59] AI Product and Funding Updates

[01:10:59] Mike Kaput: Alright, [01:11:00] for our remaining subject, we will run via some remaining AI product and funding updates. Paul, when you have something to chime in with right here, be at liberty. In any other case I will simply kinda run via these as we wrap up.

[01:11:09] So first step, Grammarly is buying Superhuman, which is an AI powered e mail startup. That is a part of a broader push to change into an AI powered productiveness platform. So superhuman, which was final valued at 825 million, constructed its repute on pace and design, and helps customers churn via emails at Lightning tempo.

[01:11:29] The corporate has discovered itself squeezed as Google and Microsoft have layered AI into their very own e mail instruments. Their annual income now sits round 35 million. Grammarly, in the meantime is flush with a billion {dollars} in funding from Common Catalyst, and its rebranding itself past grammar correction and transferring deeper into productiveness.

[01:11:48] So their imaginative and prescient is to make use of Grammarly AI brokers, however superhuman inbox to construct a wiser communication hub that understands your e mail schedule and workflows. Subsequent Google Pocket book, [01:12:00] LM bought a bit of little bit of an improve. The AI powered analysis Instrument now characteristic that now consists of featured notebooks, that are curated collections of top of the range content material from trusted sources like The Economist and The Atlantic.

[01:12:12] And every pocket book combines authentic supply materials with all of Pocket book lms nice options like the flexibility to ask questions, hint citations, create Visible 9 maps, and take heed to AI generated audio overviews. And final however not least, X OpenAI, CTO. Mira Tis Startup Considering Machines Lab has confirmed it, has raised a large $2 billion funding spherical led by Andreessen Horowitz and joined by corporations like Nvidia.

[01:12:38] The Startup’s mission mentioned Mirati in a submit on X is to construct collaborative basic intelligence. Their first product they are saying is coming within the subsequent few months and can embrace open supply elements designed to assist researchers and startups constructing customized fashions. Paul, that may be a wrap on a busy, busy week, two weeks in ai.[01:13:00] 

[01:13:00] Paul Roetzer: Yeah, and like we mentioned, there’s actually dozens of issues we did not get to. so take a look at the, this week in AI e-newsletter. we, we, we’re again now. I do not, I do not suppose we’ve any disruption to the weeklies transferring ahead that I do know of. So, as of the second we’re, we, we again on our common Tuesday schedule and I nonetheless have two extra course sequence to finalize.

[01:13:22] So. I am kind of nonetheless, you realize, locked within the, within the lab constructing programs for the upcoming launch. And keep tuned for the AI Academy by Good Rx, relaunch information. It it’s going to be, popping out, we’ll most likely speak concerning the podcast subsequent week. however if you’re an AI Academy member or enthusiastic about being one, co coming very quickly.

[01:13:44] Alright, thanks Mike. Thanks Boff. Thanks for listening to the Synthetic Intelligence Present. Go to smarter x.ai to proceed in your AI studying journey and be part of greater than 100,000 professionals and enterprise leaders who’ve subscribed to our weekly newsletters. [01:14:00] Downloaded AI blueprints, attended digital and in-person occasions, taken on-line AI programs and earned skilled certificates from our AI Academy, and engaged within the Advertising and marketing AI Institute Slack group.

[01:14:11] Till subsequent time, keep curious and discover ai.